Amanda's teaching journal

Speech production: 
1.  How speech sound are made?  Movements( the gestures forming particular sounds) of the tongue and the lips.(articulatory process)
2. Making speech gestures audible involved pushing air of the lungs (airstream process)while producing a noise which is changed by the actions of the tongue and lips in the throat.
3.The vocal folds are vibrating are said to be voiced, if they are apart, then it's said to be voiceless.
4. The vocal tract which refer to the are passages above the larynx.
5. The other part is the nasal tract, which is the air passages through the nose. 
6. There are four main components- the airstream process, the phonation process, the articulatary process, and the oro-nasal process.  
7. Airstream process  is the respiratory system, the lungs pushing out air, as the prime mover in this process.
8.  The phonation process is the name given to the actions of the vocal folds.  
9. The articulatory process are the movements of the tongue and lips ineracting with  the roof of the mouth and the pharynx.
10. The oro-nasal process is the possibility of airstream going out through the mouth or the nose is determined by the oro-nasal process.

Sound waves:
1. How to describe a speech sounds ? Accordingly, if we want permanent data that we can study, it will often come from analyzing a recording.
2. A speech sound can differ from on another in three ways (1) pitch (2) loudness (3) quality.
3. There are obvious difference between sounds in which the vocal fols are vibrating and sounds without vocal folds vibration.

Places of articulatory gestures: 
1. There are articulators forming upper surface vocal tract and lower vocal tract, the names of the principal parts of the upper surface of the vocal tract are upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate(velum), uvula, and the pharynx wall; the principal parts of the lower surface of the vocal tract are lower lip, lower teeth, tip of the tongue, blade of the tongue, front of th tongue, center of the tongue, the back of the tongue, the root of the tongue and the epiglottis.

2. Consonants can be classfied acording to the place and manner of distruction
    Labial articulations（唇音）: using the lips(AB)
    Coronal articulations(舌葉音）: using the tip or the blade of the tongue(CDEF)
    Dorsal articulations（舌根音）: using the back of the tongue(H)
3. the principal terms for the articular types of obstruction required in the description of English are as follows:
    A. Bilabial(雙唇音）: pie, my, buy,
    B. Labiodental（唇齒音）:fie and vie
    C. Dental（齒（間）音）: thigh, thy
    D. Alveolar（齒槽音）:tie, die, sigh, lie, zeal, ten, tenth
    E. Retroflex（捲舌音）:ray, raw
    F. Palato-Alveolar（齒槽硬顎音）: she, shy, show
    G. Palatal（硬顎音）:you
    H. Velar（軟顎音）:hack, hag, hang/k/, /g/, /ng/
    I.  Uvulars(小舌音）:法語的r以[R] 表示
    J. Glottals(聲門音）:[h] in who, hair, house等（ I and J 是我自己補充的）
The oro-nasal process:
the soft palate raised to have the velic closure  →the nasal consonant
n, m, ng

Manners of articulation:
1. Stops(塞音）
A. Oral stop: pie, buy,(bilabial closure), tie, dye(alveolar closure), kye, guy(velar closre)
B. Nasal stop:my(bilabial closure), nigh(alveolar closure),sang(velar closure)
2.Fricatives( 擦音 )：
A. Labialdental fricative（唇齒擦音）:fie, vie
B. Alveolar fricative（齒槽擦音）: sigh,zoo
C. Palatal-alveolar fricative（硬顎齒槽擦音）:shy,
D. Sibilants（齒擦音）: The higher-pitched sounds with a more obvious hiss, as those in sigh, shy.
3. Approximant（滑音or中介音or半母音）: yarch,we,
4. Lateral（邊音） :Lie, lip
5. other manners of articulation: roll (or called trill)tap(閃音） or flap（拍音）
6. Affricate（塞擦音）: church(voiceless), judge(voiced)

Consonants are described in termss of five factors:
1. state of vocal folds( 有聲無聲）voiced or voiceless)
2. Palce of articulation( 發音部位）
3. cetral or lateral articulation (邊音與否）
4. Soft palate raised to form a velic closure( Oral or nasal sound鼻音與口腔音)
5. manners of articulatiion(塞音、擦音、塞擦音等）

E.g. /s/ in sing is a voiceless alveolar fricative;/ng/ is a voiced velar nasal.

The articulations of vowel sounds:
1. High-front vowels:heed
2. Mid-high front vowels: hid
3. Mid-Low front vowels:head
4. High - back vowels:food
5. Mid-high back vowels:good
6. Low-back vowels:father
7. rounded and unrounded

There are three factors to decribe the vowels' gesture:
1. The height of the body of tongue舌頭高度
2. The front-back of the position of tongue舌頭位置前後
3. The degree of lip rounding圓唇程度

The sounds of vowels:
Suprasegmentals:(超音段屬性性質）
1. stress
2. frequency
3. pitch
4. intonation